11/28/2023 0 Comments Hl hunley submarine rough draftTransmitted blast waves have been observed computationally behind structures and experimentally measured behind armor. Momentum transfer into a structure produces motion of that structure, and rapid initiation of motion can create a shock wave off the structure’s back surface. T i = duration of the incident blast wave U s = propagation speed of the incident blast wave Ρ s = mass density of the material in front of the structure Dimensionless parameters dictating the amount of momentum transferred are shown as Eqs ( 3) & ( 4). Taylor’s dimensional analysis and subsequent studies by other groups concluded that the amount of momentum transferred into a structure by a blast wave can be scaled by size if the time-relevant parameters of the blast wave are also scaled. Taylor first described the pi groups that dictate the behavior of an underwater blast wave hitting a solid structure with air behind that structure, primarily in an attempt to predict damage to ships from TNT depth charges. Θ = time constant of initial decay (μsec)īlast interactions with structures can be prohibitively complex to test experimentally, so these tests are often performed both in air and in water by scaling down the size of the experiment according to the relevant dimensionless parameters. R = distance from the center of the charge In addition, evaluation of the attack showed that the Hunley likely drifted before finally sinking. īoth of two previous primary theories of sinking, suffocation and damage to the hull from arms fire, have been found to be implausible in recent publications. The pattern of damage of the holes was determined to have been caused by a combination of galvanic corrosion, stresses from riveted seams, and erosion from ocean currents. These strata indicated that the holes were not present during the vessel’s initial time underwater. The holes were determined to have occurred at a later date because analysis of the types and quantity of sedimentary materials, including marine macrofauna, showed strata of sediment deposition that permitted analysis of the general patterns of sediment accumulation over time within the hull. The two large holes discovered in the bow and side of the hull were determined not to be the cause of sinking by analysis of the sediment layers within, which showed that both breaches occurred long after the sinking, and no additional damage was found to the hull that provided an explanation. The keel ballast weights, which could be released from within the boat, remained firmly attached. The bilge pumps were not set to pump out water. The conning towers, which formed the only path of escape, were closed with the aft tower still securely locked. The skeletal remains of the crewmembers were found seated at their respective stations, with no physical injuries or apparent attempts to escape. The Hunley was raised from the ocean floor in 2000, and conservation efforts have been ongoing since. At the other end of a hinged 16-foot spar was firmly bolted the Hunley’s torpedo, a copper torpedo of the common Singer’s design type filled with 61.2 kg (135 lbs) of black powder and fitted with a pressure-sensitive trigger ( S1 Fig). The vessel’s commander could see out the fore conning tower and was responsible for navigation, while the remaining crewmen powered the vessel’s propeller from the inside using a hand crank. More renderings and details of the construction of the Hunley can be found at. Image courtesy Michael Crisafulli of The Vernian Era. She and her crew were recovered in 2000, and she is now on display at the Warren Lasch Conservation Centre in Charleston.The HL Hunley as it would have appeared in attack position on the evening of February 17, 1864. …until 1995, when she was discovered on the sea bed. As a result she secured her place in history as the first combat submarine to sink a warship. On 17 February 1864, the Hunley attacked and sank a screw-driven sloop-of-war, the USS Housatonic, which was one of the Union ships blockading the port of Charleston. Forty-seven days later she sank again, this time killing all onboard including her inventor, Horace Hunley. She sank during a training exercise on 29 August 1863. Her performance, was, to say the least, chequered. She had a crew of 8 and was armed with a spar-mounted torpedo essentially a long pole with a charge on the end of it. The HL Hunley (named after her inventor, Horace Lawson Hunley) was a Confederate State submarine, built in Mobile, Alabama in 1863 and launched in July 1863. Civil War submarine HL Hunley sits outside the Charleston Museum.
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